Since September 2023, the daily mean temperature of Ruapehu Crater Lake has been steadily declining. The cooling trend began in February, and the current temperature is now around 8°C (image: GNS Science)
Te Wai ā-moe (Ruapehu Crater Lake) remains cool, with the current daily mean temperature around 8ºC, marking a 3ºC drop since late August. This is the lowest recorded temperature since 1970, with a previous low of 9ºC measured in 1988. The lake's temperature typically fluctuates in response to volcanic heat input, but since mid-February, there has been minimal heat influx, causing the ongoing cooling.
Historically, eruptions at Ruapehu are more frequent when the lake is warmer than average, though there is also a slightly increased chance of eruption during cooler periods.
The reduced heat flow into the lake suggests that mineral deposits may be sealing vent areas. While sulfur dioxide (SO₂) emissions through the lake have also decreased in 2024, the continued detection of volcanic gases indicates that the vent is not completely sealed. This is supported by observations from September 30, when upwellings and sulphur slicks were seen on the lake surface.
The cooling of Te Wai ā-moe, along with reduced SO₂ emissions, aligns with the cooling of the hydrothermal system beneath the lake. Volcanic tremor levels, typically associated with fluid and gas movement in the hydrothermal system, have remained low throughout the year, with no changes detected in other monitored parameters.
Despite these indicators, an unexpected eruption could still occur if a sudden buildup of gas beneath the partly sealed vent releases pressure. Recent observations suggest ongoing low-level volcanic unrest at Ruapehu, with low lake temperatures and gas emissions signaling partial sealing of the vent system. However, the likelihood of an eruption remains low.
Thus, The Volcanic Alert Level remains at 1 and the Aviation Colour Code at Green.
Source: GNS Science/GeoNet New Zealand volcano activity update 8 October 2024
The wildfire glow and plume near Nāpau Crater (image: HVO)
Starting around 04:00 PM local time on October 6, a plume started to be visible on the south side of Nāpau Crater, as seen on the PW webcam.
Overnight, an intermittent glow was observed in the same area, located south of the vents from the recent September eruption on Kīlauea's middle East Rift Zone.
Geophysical monitoring showed no signs of a new eruption, and an overflight at approximately 11:30 AM local time on October 7 confirmed that the plume and glow were caused by a small local wildfire. This ongoing fire is in the same area as the wildfires observed during the 15-20 September eruption.
Source: Hawaiian Volcano Observatory volcano activity update 8 October 2024
Suwanose-jima (Ryukyu Islands): (7 Oct) Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Tokyo warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 8000 ft (2400 m) altitude or flight level 080 and is moving at 10 kts in NE direction. The full report is as follows: VA EMISSIONS CONTINUING OBS VA DTG:06/2320Z to 8000 ft (2400 m)
Manam (Papua New Guinea): (7 Oct) Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Darwin warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 8000 ft (2400 m) altitude or flight level 080 and is moving at 15 kts in NW direction. The full report is as follows: VA TO FL080 OBS EXTENDING NW AT 07/0250Z OBS VA DTG:07/0250Z to 8000 ft (2400 m)
Lewotobi (Flores): Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Darwin warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 10000 ft (3000 m) altitude or flight level 100 . The full report is as follows: VA TO FL100 OBS MOV W AT 07/1220Z EST VA DTG:07/1830Z to 10000 ft (3000 m)
Fuego (Guatemala): Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Washington warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 16000 ft (4900 m) altitude or flight level 160 and is moving at 5 kts in S direction. The full report is as follows: CONS VA EMS to 16000 ft (4900 m)
Nevado del Ruiz (Colombia): (7 Oct) Volcanic Ash Advisory Center Washington (VAAC) issued the following report: VA NOT OBSD.
Sangay (Ecuador): Volcanic Ash Advisory Center Washington (VAAC) issued the following report: POSS VA EMS
Reventador (Ecuador): Volcanic Ash Advisory Center Washington (VAAC) issued the following report: VA NOT OBSD.
Sabancaya (Peru): Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Buenos Aires warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 22000 ft (6700 m) altitude or flight level 220 and is moving at 20 kts in S direction. The full report is as follows: continuous ash emissions to 22000 ft (6700 m)
Canlaon (Central Philippines): Near-constant steam-laden (so-called degassing) emissions from the volcano's summit crater continue. A water and gas plume has been drifting south reaching approx. 3 km altitude today. ... [read more] ... [show less] The alert status for the volcano remains at Level 2.
Taal (Luzon, Philippines): The explosive activity at the volcano continues. Yet another batch of small phreatic eruptions has occurred over the past few days. Both thermal and web cameras registered a minor hydrothermal explosion on the Main Crater Lake's northern rim at 11:32 local time yesterday. ... [read more] ... [show less] The explosive activity was accompanied by emissions of steam-laden plumes, generating a 1200-meter tall gas column drifting southwest. Events were steam-driven only, caused by overheated water flashing to steam. The alert level for the volcano remains at Level 1.
Lewotobi (Flores): Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Darwin warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 10000 ft (3000 m) altitude or flight level 100 and is moving at 10 kts in W direction. The full report is as follows: VA TO FL100 LAST REP AT 06/2103Z EST VA DTG:06/2110Z to 10000 ft (3000 m)
Santiaguito (Guatemala): Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Washington warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 14000 ft (4300 m) altitude or flight level 140 . The full report is as follows: DISCRETE VA EM OBSD. to 14000 ft (4300 m)
Fuego (Guatemala): Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Washington warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 16000 ft (4900 m) altitude or flight level 160 . The full report is as follows: FRQT VA EMS OBSD to 16000 ft (4900 m)
Nevado del Ruiz (Colombia): Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Washington warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 22000 ft (6700 m) altitude or flight level 220 . The full report is as follows: RCNT VONA RPRT to 22000 ft (6700 m)
Sangay (Ecuador): Volcanic Ash Advisory Center Washington (VAAC) issued the following report: NO VA EMS OBSD
Reventador (Ecuador): Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Washington warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 15000 ft (4600 m) altitude or flight level 150 . The full report is as follows: PSBL VA EMS to 15000 ft (4600 m)
Sabancaya (Peru): Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Buenos Aires warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 22000 ft (6700 m) altitude or flight level 220 and is moving at 15 kts in S direction. The full report is as follows: PUFF EMISSIONS to 22000 ft (6700 m)
Volcano Activity Summary for 6 Oct 2024:
Satellite image of Suwanose-jima volcano on 6 Oct 2024
Copious SO2 emissions from Kanlaon volcano as seen from the Canlaon city today (image: jaime s. sincioco/X.com)
Near-constant steam-laden (so-called degassing) emissions from the volcano's summit crater continue.
A water and gas plume has been drifting south reaching approx. 3 km altitude today.
The alert status for the volcano remains at Level 2.
There is a 4 km exclusion zone around the main crater in place.
A webcam screenshot of the eruption installed on the Agoncillo Observation Station (image: PHIVOLCS)
The explosive activity at the volcano continues.
Yet another batch of small phreatic eruptions has occurred over the past few days. Both thermal and web cameras registered a minor hydrothermal explosion on the Main Crater Lake's northern rim at 11:32 local time yesterday.
The explosive activity was accompanied by emissions of steam-laden plumes, generating a 1200-meter tall gas column drifting southwest. Events were steam-driven only, caused by overheated water flashing to steam.
The alert level for the volcano remains at Level 1.
Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology volcano activity update 6 October 2024
2/2 Phreatomagmatic eruption from Taal Volcano Island's Main Crater at 11:32 AM today, 05 October 2024, was captured by the thermal camera of the Daang Kastila Observation Station (VTDK) on the northern rim of the Main Crater. pic.twitter.com/jsPro8AbdP
Lewotobi (Flores): Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Darwin warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 10000 ft (3000 m) altitude or flight level 100 . The full report is as follows: VA TO FL100 OBS AT 05/0830Z MOV NW EST VA DTG:05/0910Z to 10000 ft (3000 m)
Fuego (Guatemala): Volcanic Ash Advisory Center Washington (VAAC) issued the following report: PSBL VA EMS
Reventador (Ecuador): Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Washington warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 15000 ft (4600 m) altitude or flight level 150 . The full report is as follows: NEW VA EMS. to 15000 ft (4600 m)
Sabancaya (Peru): Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Buenos Aires warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 22000 ft (6700 m) altitude or flight level 220 and is moving at 10 kts in S direction. The full report is as follows: continuous ash emissions to 22000 ft (6700 m)
Satellite image of Suwanose-jima volcano on 5 Oct 2024
Manam (Papua New Guinea): Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Darwin warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 9000 ft (2700 m) altitude or flight level 090 and is moving at 10 kts in NW direction. The full report is as follows: VA TO FL090 LAST REPORTED AT 03/2336Z EST VA DTG:04/1140Z to 9000 ft (2700 m)
Semeru (East Java, Indonesia): Volcanic Ash Advisory Center Darwin (VAAC) issued the following report: ERUPTION LAST REP AT 04/1013Z.
Fuego (Guatemala): Volcanic Ash Advisory Center Washington (VAAC) issued the following report: VA EMS SEEN IN WEBCAM
Sangay (Ecuador): Volcanic Ash Advisory Center Washington (VAAC) issued the following report: NO VA EMS
Reventador (Ecuador): (4 Oct) Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Washington warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 15000 ft (4600 m) altitude or flight level 150 . The full report is as follows: ONGOING VA EMS to 15000 ft (4600 m)
Sabancaya (Peru): Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Buenos Aires warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 20000 ft (6100 m) altitude or flight level 200 and is moving at 5 kts in SW direction. The full report is as follows: continuous ash emissions to 20000 ft (6100 m)
Manam (Papua New Guinea): (3 Oct) Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Darwin warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 9000 ft (2700 m) altitude or flight level 090 and is moving at 10 kts in NW direction. The full report is as follows: CONTINUOUS VA TO FL090 OBS AT 03/0000Z MOV NW to 9000 ft (2700 m)
Lewotobi (Flores): (3 Oct) Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Darwin warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 10000 ft (3000 m) altitude or flight level 100 . The full report is as follows: VA TO FL100 OBS AT 03/0020Z MOV W OBS VA DTG:03/0020Z to 10000 ft (3000 m)
Dukono (Halmahera): (2 Oct) Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Darwin warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 10000 ft (3000 m) altitude or flight level 100 and is moving at 10 kts in NW direction. The full report is as follows: VA TO FL100 OBS AT 02/2200Z EXTD NW OBS VA DTG:02/2200Z to 10000 ft (3000 m)
Fuego (Guatemala): Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Washington warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 15000 ft (4600 m) altitude or flight level 150 and is moving at 15 kts in NE direction. The full report is as follows: NEW VA EMS OBS to 15000 ft (4600 m)
Nevado del Ruiz (Colombia): (2 Oct) Volcanic Ash Advisory Center Washington (VAAC) issued the following report: RCNT VONA RPRT
Reventador (Ecuador): Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Washington warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 16000 ft (4900 m) altitude or flight level 160 and is moving at 10 kts in W direction. The full report is as follows: NEW VA EMS OBS to 16000 ft (4900 m)
Sabancaya (Peru): Volcanic Ash Advisory Center Buenos Aires (VAAC) issued the following report: WEAK EMISSION OF VA
Satellite image of Suwanose-jima volcano on 3 Oct 2024
Stromboli (Eolian Islands, Italy): The National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) reported that a new lava effusion began from the North Crater area vents at 00:45 local time on 1 October. Following an increase rise of strombolian activity, characterized by intense spattering at the summit, the lava extended beyond the crater terrace and triggered a small overflow onto the upper Sciara del Fuoco. The effusive eruption was accompanied by landslides and rockfall avalanches as a result of collapsing parts of the lava flow front and debris material or both, reaching the sea. ... [read more] ... [show less] Prior to the eruption, a significant (and typical also) precursor of a gradually rising amplitude of volcanic tremor was monitored at about 12:15 local time on 30 September, which increased to very high values. However, the elevated effusive eruption ceased some time in the early hours of 2 October, meaning the lava flow eruption lasted approx. 24 hours.
Taal (Luzon, Philippines): The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) observatory recorded five mild phreatic bursts from the Main Crater Lake within the Taal caldera between 01:10 AM and 04:37 PM yesterday. The explosive activity was accompanied by emissions of steam-laden plumes, generating column height between 300 and 2,100 meters above the fumarolic vents drifting east-northeast. Events were steam-driven only, caused by overheated water flashing to steam. ... [read more] ... [show less] Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions reached to a 1354 tonnes/day on 30 September. The seismic station registered 6 two-to-ten-minute-long volcanic tremor events over the past 24 hours.
Semeru (East Java, Indonesia): Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Darwin warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 13000 ft (4000 m) altitude or flight level 130 and is moving at 10 kts in SW direction. The full report is as follows: VA TO FL130 LAST REPORTED AT 02/1515Z MOV W to 13000 ft (4000 m)
Fuego (Guatemala): Volcanic Ash Advisory Center Washington (VAAC) issued the following report: LGT VA EMS OBSD
Nevado del Ruiz (Colombia): Volcanic Ash Advisory Center Washington (VAAC) issued the following report: NEW VA EMS
Sangay (Ecuador): (2 Oct) Volcanic Ash Advisory Center Washington (VAAC) issued the following report: VA NOT OBSD.
Sabancaya (Peru): Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Buenos Aires warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 22000 ft (6700 m) altitude or flight level 220 and is moving at 10 kts in SW direction. The full report is as follows: SPORADICS EMISSIONS to 22000 ft (6700 m)
Volcano Activity Summary for 2 Oct 2024:
The latest lava flow on the Stromboli's Sciara del Fuoco flank at 06:13 local time yesterday (image: LGS, Experimental Geophysical Laboratory, The University of Florence)
Small phreatic burst at Taal volcano about 16:30 local time yesterday (image: @jaimessincioco/X)
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) observatory recorded five mild phreatic bursts from the Main Crater Lake within the Taal caldera between 01:10 AM and 04:37 PM yesterday.
The explosive activity was accompanied by emissions of steam-laden plumes, generating column height between 300 and 2,100 meters above the fumarolic vents drifting east-northeast. Events were steam-driven only, caused by overheated water flashing to steam.
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions reached to a 1354 tonnes/day on 30 September.
The seismic station registered 6 two-to-ten-minute-long volcanic tremor events over the past 24 hours.
The latest maximum Main Crater Lake temperature reached to a 72.7 °C on 20 February.
The short-term electronic tiltmeter and GPS measurements found the northern and southeastern edifice area deflated. However, from a long-term point of view, instruments continue to register the ongoing uplift of the Taal caldera.
The alert level for the volcano remains at Level 1.
Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology volcano activity update 2 October 2024
Small phreatic burst at Taal volcano about 16:30 local time yesterday (image: @jaimessincioco/X)
The latest lava flow on the Stromboli's Sciara del Fuoco flank at 06:13 local time yesterday (image: LGS, Experimental Geophysical Laboratory, The University of Florence)
The National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) reported that a new lava effusion began from the North Crater area vents at 00:45 local time on 1 October.
Following an increase rise of strombolian activity, characterized by intense spattering at the summit, the lava extended beyond the crater terrace and triggered a small overflow onto the upper Sciara del Fuoco. The effusive eruption was accompanied by landslides and rockfall avalanches as a result of collapsing parts of the lava flow front and debris material or both, reaching the sea.
Prior to the eruption, a significant (and typical also) precursor of a gradually rising amplitude of volcanic tremor was monitored at about 12:15 local time on 30 September, which increased to very high values.
However, the elevated effusive eruption ceased some time in the early hours of 2 October, meaning the lava flow eruption lasted approx. 24 hours.
Currently, the explosive activity is low, with only minor spattering occurring in the Northern Crater area. Additionally, occasional landslides of material are observed along the Sciara del Fuoco. Seismically, the average tremor amplitude remains at a normal level.
Source: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia volcano activity update 1 October 2024
The intense spattering in the Northern Crater area at 04:10 local time yesterday (image: LGS, Experimental Geophysical Laboratory, The University of Florence)
On 26 September the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD) reported that activity at Yasur continued at a level of “major unrest,” as defined by the Alert Level 2 status (on a scale of 0-5). Recent visual observations, webcam mages, and photos taken in the field indicated that explosions continued, producing emissions of gas, steam, and/or ash. Gas emissions and thermal anomalies were identified in satellite images. The report warned that some of the explosions may eject material that falls in and around the crater. The public was reminded to not enter the restricted area within 600 m around the boundaries of the Permanent Exclusion Zone, defined by Danger Zone A on the hazard map.
Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 23-30 September. Crater incandescence was observed nightly in webcam images. Explosions were recorded by the seismic network at 0337, 0428, 0730, and 1720 on 25 September, at 1415 and 1554 on 26 September, and at 1810 on 28 September. The explosions generated ash-and-gas plumes that rose 1-1.6 km above the crater rim and drifted mainly W and SW. Eruptive events during 24-28 and 30 September produced ash-and-gas plumes that rose 1-1.6 km above the crater rim and drifted and drifted mainly W and SW. Occasional ashfall was reported at the Suwanosejima Branch Office in Toshima village (3.5 km SSW), though dates were unspecified. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 5-level scale) and the public was warned to stay at least 1.5 km away from the crater.
Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV) reported that eruptive activity continued at Stromboli during 23-29 September. Webcam images showed Strombolian activity at two vents in Area N within the upper part of the Sciara del Fuoco and from at least two vents in Area C-S (South-Central Crater) on the crater terrace. The vents in Area N continued to produce explosions at a rate of 3-15 events per hour, ejecting lapilli and bombs less than 80 m above the vents. Spattering was observed that was intense on 23 and 26 September. Explosions at the vent in Area C-S mainly occurred at a rate of 1-5 events per hour during 26-28 September and ejected tephra over 250 m above the vent. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-level scale).
Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that during 19-26 September lava extrusion likely continued at Sheveluch’s “300 years of RAS” dome on the SW flank of Old Sheveluch and at the dome at Young Sheveluch. Daily thermal anomalies over the domes were identified in satellite images. Plumes of resuspended ash drifted 1,500 km E during 25-26 September. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.
Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Semeru during 25 September-1 October with multiple daily eruptive events recorded by the seismic network. White-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose 100-600 m above the summit and drifted NW, W, SW, and S; eruptive events were recorded on 27 September, but no emissions were observed. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards.
Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) reported that the eruption at Sabancaya continued during 23-29 September with a daily average of 18 explosions. Gas-and-ash plumes rose as high as 2.3 km above the summit and drifted less than 10 km SE and S. Thermal anomalies over the lava dome in the summit crater were identified in satellite data. Slight inflation was detected N of Hualca Hualca (7 km N). Sulfur dioxide emissions were at moderate levels, averaging 729 tons per day. The Alert Level remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale) and the public was warned to stay outside of a 12 km radius.
